This paper primarily focuses on a review of Kalah history and on a survey of research made so far for solving and analyzing the Kalah game (and some other related Mancala games). From this viewpoint, the art of playing Kalah can contribute to cultural heritage. The Kalah game represents the most popular version of probably the oldest board game ever-the Mancala game. Answers to the research questions are given in the conclusions. A set of round-robin tournaments between these evaluation functions show that when the above conditions are met, Opponent-Model search can be applied successfully. We restrict ourselves to five evaluation functions generated with the help of machine-learning techniques. The game of Bao is our test bed, it was selected because of its relatively narrow game tree, which allowed for an appropriate search depth in the experiments.
#Mancala game rules series#
Moreover, actual computer game-playing programs investigate the research questions by a series of experiments in which Opponent-Model search is performed. The role of the evaluation functions is studied by attempting to answer five research questions. Thorough analysis of a variety of characteristics leads to eight possible orderings. Three fundamentally different types are introduced.
The two conditions heavily depend on the evaluation functions used.In the article we distinguish evaluation functions by type. Both the prediction of the opponent's moves and the judgement of future positions should be of good quality. For adequate forecasting, two conditions should be imposed. There is some risk involved in using Opponent-Model search. Opponent-Model search is a game-tree search method that explicitly uses knowledge of the opponent. There are a number of suggested interpretations of cupules … Scholars have long debated the manufacture and utility of the cupules (Breton 1910 Klein 1972 Ampuero and Rivera 1971, 1993 Ibáñez 1999 Anati 2001 Papanikolaou 2005 Boivin 2007 Bednarik 2008 Robinson 2008 Arjun 2014, 2015a and 2015b). Cupules constitute a common type in rock art, ranging in age from the Palaeolithic to modern periods and they are found in every continent except Antarctica (Bednarik 2008). A cupule is a roughly hemispherical or circular man made depression, made with the help of stone hammer on a horizontal or vertical rock surface.
#Mancala game rules portable#
Game boards or mancala are usually made on portable materials and words for them are found in over eleven Indian languages (Table–1). The importance of this evidence lies in the fact that, such evidence on basalt surfaces is rare compared to other rock types. Some examples of such game boards on rock surfaces are found on the basalt exposures in the campus of Deccan College, Pune. However, the evidence for such boards being made on the rock surfaces is occasionally found. Usually the board material is of wood, metal and stone planks. Though their origin is tentatively attributed to Africa, they are also widely used in South and Southeast Asian countries. Such cupule patterns functioned as game boards, which are popularly known as mancala. The custom of making cupules in more or less uniform size, in double or multiple rows is a later development, traceable from the African Neolithic.
The antiquity of making cupules (classified as a type of Petroglyph) is traced back to the Palaeolithic cultural phase.
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